Movilidad internacional y empleabilidad: el impacto en el capital humano y social de la juventud
Resumen
En los últimos años se ha otorgado un notable énfasis a la movilidad internacional como estrategia de mejora de la empleabilidad de la juventud. Las principales razones de dicho apoyo son las posibilidades que ofrece para el desarrollo del capital humano y social en una economía del conocimiento. Desde esta premisa el objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la influencia de la movilidad en el capital humano y social como dimensiones de empleabilidad. Para ello se ha seguido una metodología de corte cualitativo y centrada en la revisión documental de los principales estudios realizados en el contexto nacional e internacional. Los resultados informan de una influencia bidireccional del capital en la relación entre movilidad y empleabilidad: su efecto es anterior (en la toma de decisiones) y posterior (en la adquisición de competencias, junto al establecimiento de una red de contactos). No obstante, el impacto sobre la empleabilidad está condicionado por las características socioeconómicas del país, lo que pone en evidencia que la movilidad será más beneficiosa en territorios en los que la tasa de desempleo o el desajuste educativo sean elevados.Palabras clave
movilidad internacional, capital humano, capital social, empleabilidad, juventud, desajuste educativoCitas
AHSAN, A.K.M.; MAZIDAH, S.; HASHARINA, N. y CHATTORAJ, D. (2019). Global skills deficiency: Perspectives of skill mobility in Southeast Asian countries. Asian Education and Development Studies, 8(4), 416-432. https://doi.org/10.1108/aeds-12-2018-0185
ALLEN, J. y VAN DER VELDEN, R. (2011). Introduction. En J. ALLEN y R. VAN DER VELDEN (eds.). The Flexible Professional in the Knowledge Society (pp. 1-14). Nueva York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1353-6_1
BECKER, G. (1994). Human capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
BEECH, S. (2015). International student mobility: The role of social networks. Social & Cultural Geography, 16(3), 332-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2014.983961
BEINE, M.; NOËL, R. y RAGOT, L. (2014). Determinants of the international mobility of students. Economics of Education Review, 41, 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2014.03.003
BERRY, J.W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), 697-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
BLACK, T. y DUHON, D. (2006). Assessing the Impact of Business Study Abroad Programs on Cultural Awareness and Personal Development. Journal of Education for Business, 81, 140-144. https://doi.org/10.3200/joeb.81.3.140-144
BOZKURT, O. y MOHR, A.T. (2011). Forms of cross-border mobility and social capital in multinational enterprises. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(2), 138-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2010.00147.x
BRACHT, O.; ENGEL, C.; JANSON, K.; OVER, A.; SCHOMBURG, H. y TEICHLER, U. (2006). The Professional Value of ERASMUS Mobility. Kassel: International Centre for Higher Education Research.
BURT, R. (1995). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
CAI, Y. (2013). Graduate employability: A conceptual framework for understanding employers’ perceptions. Higher Education, 65(4), 457-469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9556-x
COMISIÓN EUROPEA (2016). Erasmus Impact Study: Regional Analysis. Luxemburgo: Servicio de Publicaciones Oficiales de la Unión Europea.
CROSSMAN, J.E. y CLARKE, M. (2010). International experience and graduate employability: Stakeholder perceptions on the connection. Higher Education, 59(5), 599-613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-009-9268-z
CUETO, B.; MARTÍN-ROMÁN, A.; MORAL, A. y MORENO, A. (2018). Youth employment in the Iberian Countries. En M.A. MALO y A. MORENO (eds.). European Youth Labour Markets: Problems and Policies (pp. 27-44). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68222-8_3
DI PIETRO, G. (2015). Do Study Abroad Programs Enhance the Employability of Graduates? Education Finance and Policy, 10(2), 223-243. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00159
DOCQUIER, F. y RAPOPORT, H. (2012). Globalization, Brain Drain, and Development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3), 681-730. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.3.681
DOLGA, L.; FILIPESCU, H.; POPESCU-MITROI, M.M. y MAZILESCU, C.A. (2015). Erasmus Mobility Impact on Professional Training and Personal Development of Students Beneficiaries. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1006-2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.235
FERNÁNDEZ-SALINERO, C. y GARCÍA-ÁLVAREZ, J. (2020). La inserción laboral de graduados y graduadas a través de los contactos personales: Una propuesta desde la gestión del conocimiento. Teoría de la Educación, 32(1), 163-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/teri.20196
FLAP, H. y BOXMAN, E. (2000). Getting started: The influence of social capital on the start of the occupational career. En N. LIN, K. COOK y R. BURT (eds.). Social Capital: Theory and Research (pp. 159-181). Nueva York: Aldine de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315129457-7
GHIGNONI, E. y VERASHCHAGINA, A. (2014). Educational qualifications mismatch in Europe: Is it demand or supply driven? Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(3), 670-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2013.06.006
GUTIÉRREZ-VELA, C. y PASAMAR, S. (2017) ¿Los programas de movilidad internacional incrementan la empleabilidad? Hekademos: Revista Educativa Digital, 10(23), 62-73.
HUMBURG, M. y VAN DER VELDEN, R. (2015). Skills and the graduate recruitment process: Evidence from two discrete choice experiments. Economics of Education Review, 49, 24-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2015.07.001
JACOB, M.; KÜHHIRT, M. y RODRIGUES, M. (2019). Labour Market Returns to Graduates’ International Experience: Exploring Cross-Country Variation in Europe. European Sociological Review, 35(4), 491-505. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz022
JAHR, V. y TEICHLER, U. (2007). Graduates’ international experience and mobility. En U. TEICHLER (ed.). Careers of University Graduates: Views and Experiences in Comparative Perspectives (pp. 211-224). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5926-1_13
JANSON, K.; SCHOMBURG, H. y TEICHLER, U. (2009). The Professional Value of ERASMUS Mobility: The Impact of International Experience on Former Students’ and on Teachers’ Careers. Bonn: Lemmens.
JONKERS, K. y TIJSEEN, R. (2008). Chinese researchers returning home: Impacts of international mobility on research collaboration and scientific productivity. Scientometrics, 77(2), 309-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1971-x
LÖRZ, M.; NETZ, N. y QUAST, H. (2016). Why do students from underprivileged families less often intend to study abroad? Higher Education, 72, 153-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9943-1
MOK, K.H. y NEUBAUER, D. (2016). Higher education governance in crisis: A critical reflection on the massification of higher education, graduate employment and social mobility. Journal of Education and Work, 29(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2015.1049023
PAIGE, M.; FRY, G.; STALLMAN, E.; JOSIC, J. y JON, J. (2009). Study abroad for global engagement: The long-term impact of mobility experiences. Intercultural Education, 20(1-2), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980903370847
PEETERS, E.; NELISSEN, J.; DE CUYPER, N.; FORRIER, A.; VERBRUGGEN, M. y DE WITTE, H. (2019). Employability Capital: A Conceptual Framework Tested Through Expert Analysis. Journal of Career Development, 46(2), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317731865
PERNA, L.; OROSZ, K.; JUMAKULOV, Z.; KISHKENTAYEVA, M. y ASHIRBEKOV, A. (2014). Understanding the programmatic and contextual forces that influence participation in a government-sponsored international student-mobility program. Higher Education, 69, 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9767-4
PETZOLD, K. (2017). Studying Abroad as a Sorting Criterion in the Recruitment Process: A Field Experiment Among German Employers. Journal of Studies in International Education, 21(5), 412-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315317697543
PETZOLD, K. y PETER, T. (2015). The social norm to study abroad: Determinants and effects. Higher Education, 69(6), 885-900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9811-4
PINEDA, P.; MORENO, M.V. y BELVIS, E. (2008). La movilidad de los universitarios en España: Estudio sobre la participación en los programas Erasmus y Sicue. Revista de Educación, 346, 363-399.
POTTS, D. (2015). Understanding the Early Career Benefits of Learning Abroad Programs. Journal of Studies in International Education, 19(5), 399-422.
PUTNAM, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Nueva York: Simon and Schuster.
ROBST, J. (2007). Education and job match: The relatedness of college major and work. Economics of Education Review, 26(4), 397-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2006.08.003
RODRÍGUEZ-ESTEBAN, A.; VIDAL, J. y VIEIRA, M.J. (2019). Un análisis de la empleabilidad de los universitarios en España a través del ajuste horizontal. Revista de Educación, 384, 229-254.
ROOT, E. y NGAMPORNCHAI, A. (2012). I Came Back as a New Human Being: Student Descriptions of Intercultural Competence Acquired Through Education Abroad Experiences. Journal of Studies in International Education, 17(5), 513-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315312468008
ROY, A.; NEWMAN, A.; ELLENBERGER, T. y PYMAN, A. (2019). Outcomes of international student mobility programs: A systematic review and agenda for future research. Studies in Higher Education, 44(9), 1630-1644. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1458222
SANTOS REGO, M.A.; LORENZO, M. y VÁZQUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, A. (2018). Educación no formal y empleabilidad de la juventud. Madrid: Síntesis.
SAMNANI, A.; BOEKHORST, J.A. y HARRISON, J.A. (2012). Acculturation strategy and individual outcomes: Cultural diversity implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 22(4), 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.04.001
SHULTZ, T. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
SPENCE, M. (1973). Job Market Signalling. The Quartely Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-374.
STANISCIA, B.; DERAVIGNONE, L.; GONZÁLEZ-MARTÍN, B. y PUMARES, P. (2019). Youth mobility and the development of human capital: Is there a Southern European model? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2019.1679417
SULEMAN, F. (2018). The employability skills of higher education graduates: Insights into conceptual frameworks and methodological options. Higher Education, 76, 263-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0207-0
TEICHLER, U. (2011). International Dimensions of Higher Education and Graduate Employment. En J. ALLEN y R. VAN DER VELDEN (eds.). The Flexible Professional in the Knowledge Society: New Challenges for Higher Education (pp. 177-198). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1353-6_7
TEICHLER, U. (2017). Internationalisation Trends in Higher Education and the Changing Role of International Student Mobility. Journal of International Mobility, 5, 177-216. https://doi.org/10.3917/jim.005.0179
TEIJEIRO, M.; RUNGO, P. y FREIRE, M.J. (2013). Graduate competencies and employability: The impact of matching firms’ needs and personal attainments. Economics of Education Review, 34, 286-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.01.003
TROOBOFF, S.; VANDE BERG, M. y RAYMAN, J. (2008). Employer Attitudes toward Study Abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 15, 17-33. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v15i1.214
VAN MOL, C. (2017). Do employers value international study and internships?: A comparative analysis of 31 countries. Geoforum, 78, 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.11.014
VERHAEST, D.; SELLAMI, S. y VAN DER VELDEN, R. (2017). Desajuste de calificación horizontal y vertical según los países y las carreras estudiadas. Revista Internacional del Trabajo, 136(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/ilrs.12043
WAIBEL, S.; PETZOLD, K. y RÜGER, H. (2018). Occupational status benefits of studying abroad and the role of occupational specificity – A propensity score matching approach. Social Science Research, 74, 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.05.006
WAIBEL, S.; RÜGER, H.; ETTE, A. y SAUER, L. (2017). Career consequences of transnational educational mobility: A systematic literature review. Educational Research Review, 20, 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.12.001
WIERS-JENSSEN, J. (2011). Background and Employability of Mobile vs. Non-Mobile Students. Tertiary Education and Management, 17(2), 79-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2011.562524
Publicado
Descargas
Derechos de autor 2021 Ana Vázquez-Rodríguez, Jesús García-Álvarez, Miguel A. Santos Rego
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
